Interesting point about the 4BT being very noisy... as if diesels didn't make enough of a racket already.
FWIW, I don't think the VW TD is enough engine for a Scrambler/Jeep scale machine. That said, CJ5s in South Africa did get the VW TD (It's in the Brooklands Jeep CJ5 book, maybe it was a Perkins on second thought).
There is a guy on the Comanche CLub yahoo group and web site that installed a Mercedes into his MJ. He said he liked the engine, but I don't recall much more about it. It was a write off in Katrina.
If you could easily adapt a Jeep style (GM, Ford, NV, BW, whatever) transmission to the OM617 that would be worth pursuing.
I wouldn't waste time on the old tech like the Olds stuff personally. These old converted gas engines always sucked.
If you want it "now", GM 6.2/5 looks to be the way given what has been posted above. FWIW, there's lots of these engines running with high miles on them and parts are cheap. Also, getting more performance out of them is easy enough and relatively cheap. There seems to be an old Banks turbo kit in the local for sale ads around here occasionally. Intercoolers are easy enough to retrofit if you know what you are doing.
As for weight, you're building a Scrambler, not a Samurai. Does a couple hundred pounds really matter? Besides, AMC V-8s were never known for their light weight. They were a one size fits all block (none of this small block, big block foolishness
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FWIW, once upon a time in a galaxy far, far away and in a different life cycle I was going to put a VW TD into a LWB SJ-413 (think mini-Scrambler). Got as far as getting the engine and pulling the 1.3 gas engine out of the frame it was going into. Then I happened upon a fellow with a diesel Samurai and we got to checking out his machine and "bench racing". You know what? The stink of a diesel in a open air machine like a Samurai/Jeep generally sucks. I don't know what it is about diesel exhaust, but it seems to hang around a lot more and is really noticeable. For this reason I sold the TD and stuck with gas. That may or may not matter to you but it does to me. It is probably worth mentioning at least.